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Tainted Legacy: Islam, Colonialism and Slavery in Northern Nigeria, by Yusufu Turaki
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In recent years violent attacks by Muslims in Nigeria have left thousands of Christians dead. Much of the conflict has occurred in the Middle Belt, and also in the North where the Church is a small and vulnerable minority. Islamic sharia is the main source of law in the North, and some Islamists there are calling for the establishing of an Islamic state. In this important study Professor Yusufu Turaki traces the origins of the current crisis to the historical impact of Islam on Northern Nigerian society. He discusses the nature and significance of Islamic colonialism and slavery in West Africa, and how their malign influence was entrenched by the British colonial administration of the twentieth century. These practices, he argues, have bequeathed a tainted legacy of discrimination and cruelty to the Christians of Northern Nigeria.
- Sales Rank: #2735783 in Books
- Published on: 2010-09-30
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: 9.49" h x .51" w x 6.42" l, 1.00 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 210 pages
About the Author
Yusufu Turaki is a Professor of Theology and Social Ethics at the Jos ECWA Theological Seminary (JETS) and Director of the Centre for the Study of Religion, Church and Society (CRCS). He holds a Ph.D. in Social Ethics from Boston University, and a Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship at Yale Divinity School. He was the General Secretary of the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA), is a former National Vice-President of Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) and worked with the Association of Evangelicals in Africa (AEA) and the International Bible Society (IBS) in Nigeria and Kenya.
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Nigeria, Colonialism, Islam and Slavery
By William Gawthrop
Tainted Legacy: Islam, Colonialism and Slavery in Northern Nigeria, by Yusufu Turaki.
Yusufu Turaki provides an overview of the background forces influencing the present condition of Nigeria: the strategic expansion of Islam into Nigeria, the operational influence of British Colonial rule which tended to advance and consolidate Islam against the Nigerian countryside; and, the tactical impacts of Islam before, during and after the British presence.
The outline of the book, reproduced below, begins with an overview of the country and then articulates how Islam, peacefully at first, and then by violence, advanced against the Nigerian people displacing traditional religion and Christianity and implementing Islamic based slavery.
Turaki identifies key themes of Islam and then describes how Islam asserted itself through introduction, lodgment, expansion, agitation and subjugation. He provides a template that can be used in other country studies to measure how Islam asserts itself using identifiable, predictable, doctrine. He then discusses how Islam expanded against the Nigerian people and how uninformed British policy facilitated the expansion while retarding Islam¡¦s ideological competitors. There are key indicators showing that while the British may have exerted Colonial Rule, they were also being subtly manipulated by ¡§cultural advisors¡¨ who performed the quiet, behind the scenes, manipulation of the policy formulation process to advance Islamic interests against non-Muslims.
There is material here for historians of slavery. As noted in W.E.B Du Bois text, The Negro, Chapter 9, ¡§The Trade in Men¡¨, Islam elevated slavery to a civilizational level of industry and Turaki explains how that program of slavery unfolded as a major economic pillar of Nigerian Sokoto Caliphate. Critics of the Western experience with slavery may be surprised by the nature and extent with which Islam enslaved African Muslims and sold them to bondage.
Overall, Turaki has provided an incisive assessment of the ideological forces applying themselves against the Nigerian people, a template for tracking internal National decay, and a warning about the consequences of uninformed policy.
Text Outline
Tainted Legacy: Islam, Colonialism and Slavery in Northern Nigeria
Chapters:
The Significance of the Study
- Range of discussion
- Sources for discussion
The Geography, Ethnography and Society of Northern Nigeria
- Regions of Northern Nigeria
- The Far North: Muslim
o The Haunsa and the Fulani
X The Hausa
X The Fulani
X Assimilation of the Hausa and the Fulani
o The Kanuri (Beriberi) and the Shuwa Arabs
o Sociopolitical organization in the Hausaland and the Kanem-Bornu
- The Middle Belt: Non-Muslim and traditional
- Consequences of the religious and ethnic diversity of the Northern Society
The Arrival of Islam in West Africa
- Islamic Mission
o Muslim traders and merchants
o Migration and dispersal of Muslims
o The ulama as Muslim scholars and Muslim Clerical Families
o Literacy and language
o Conversion of ruling classes
o Islamic brotherhoods
X The Qadriyya
X The Tijaniyya
X The Sanusiyya
o Pilgrimages
The Cultural Power of Islam
- Class and status
- Expression of religion in culture
o Islamic Scriptures and doctrines
o Islamic Sharia
o Islamic Clerics, scholars and spiritual leaders
- Islamic culture under European colonialism
Jihad and Imperialism
- Jihad: a definition
- Quranic support for Jihad
- The Manifesto of Fulani Jihad
o The Hijra (principle of emigration)
o Declaration of war
o The Quran on Jihad and Kuffar/Unbelievers
o Understanding the Quran on Jihad and unbelievers
X Defensive fighting
X Initiating attacks allowed
X Unconditional command to fight all unbelievers everywhere and at any time
X Permission to attack Jews and Christians
X General duty of Jihad
X Strike terror in hearts of infidel enemy
X Rewards promised to those who die in Jihad
X Jihad against those who corrupt the land
o The religious contradiction of the Sokoto Jihad
o The benefits of the Jihad
X Creation of an Islamic State
X Instituting Sharia and a theocratic government
X Defined social status
X Slave raids, slave trading and slavery
X Islam as a state religion
The Sokoto Caliphate and Theocratic Government
- Theological basis for Islamic government
o Islamic Umma
o The principle of Khilafa (Gods representation on Earth)
o The principles of Shari¡¦a
- The Sokoto Caliphate ¡V a theocratic empire
o Size and extent of the Sokoto Caliphate
o Organization of the Sokoto Caliphate
- The maintenance, strengthening and spread of Islam in Hausaland
o Peaceful Methods
o Warfare and conquest
The Religious Basis of Slavery in Islam
- Religion in defense of slavery
- Apologists for slavery in Islam
o The justification of slavery
o The justification for enslaving Muslims
o Concubinage: Women slaves
o Islamic injunctions on treatment of slaves
- A response to Islamic apologists on slavery
- The Quran on slavery
The Economic Basis of Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate
- Sources of Slaves
o The Kontagora sector
o The Nupe sector
o The Ilorin sector
o The Zaria (Zazzau) sector
o The Bauchi sector
o The Adamawa (Fombina) sector
- Methods of obtaining slaves
o Raiding and capture
o Tax default or tribute
o Purchase
o Descendants of slaves
- The significance of slaves and slavery in the Caliphate
o Domestic Service
o Slaves in plantations and farms (rinji)
o Trade
o Administration, professions and military service
Treatment of Slaves
- Mistreatment of slaves
- XXX (Word Filtered by Amazon) status
o The XXX (Word Filtered by Amazon) status of a slave
o The authority of a faithful Muslim over a slave
o The choice to kill
o The choice to ransom (praiseworthy act)
o The choice to set free (a benevolent act)
o The choice of enslavement (the best act)
- Liberation of slaves
British Colonial Rule Established in Northern Nigeria
- Early British interest in Africa
- British colonial rule begins in Northern Nigeria
o The philosophy and meaning of indirect rule
o Indigenous administration
o Colonial administration
British Colonial Beliefs and Assumptions About Africa
- Theories of racial superiority
- Attitudes of superiority: The views of Lugard
- Colonial policies towards Muslim rulers
Colonial Policy Towards the Nasara (Christian Missions)
- Conflicting interests
- Christian missions banned from Muslim territories
- Colonial regulatory policy on Christian mission
o Colonial views on education and Christianity
o Colonial treatment of African converts to Christianity
Non-Muslim Groups Under Colonial and Native Administrations
- British occupation of the Non-Muslim areas
- Measures for occupation and control
o Tax assessments
o Institutionalizing of hostility
- British Colonial administration of the non-Muslim groups
o Independent districts
o The non-Muslims peoples in the Emirates
- Loss of rights to ancestral lands
- The lasting impact of British Colonial administration in Northern Nigeria
British Abolition of the Slave Trade in Northern Nigeria
- Background
- British Slavery proclamation 1900 in Northern Nigeria
- Conclusion
Conclusion: Northern Nigeria Today
- The status of Non-Muslims in Northern Nigeria
o Political Issues
o Social Status
- Religion today in Northern Nigeria
o Christianity
o African traditional religion
- Radicalization of Islam
- The political will for change
Appendix A: Religious Statistics in West Africa
Appendix B: Letter of Agreement between Individual Missionaries and the Government of Northern Nigeria
Appendix C: Resources
Sources
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